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Pulmonary Embolism &
Pulmonary Hypertension

Pulmonary Embolism & Hypertension

What is pulmonary embolism?

A pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a blood clot (usually from the legs) travels to the lungs and blocks a pulmonary artery, obstructing blood flow to the lungs.


What causes pulmonary embolism?

The most common cause of PE is deep vein thrombosis (DVT), where a blood clot forms in a deep vein, typically in the legs. Other causes can include fat or air embolisms.

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What are the symptoms of pulmonary embolism?

Symptoms of pulmonary embolism can vary widely but often include:

  • Sudden onset of shortness of breath.

  • Chest pain (sharp and stabbing) that worsens with deep breaths.

  • Cough, sometimes with blood-tinged sputum.

  • Rapid heart rate.

  • Sweating and feeling lightheaded or faint.

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What tests are conducted to determine pulmonary embolism?

Diagnosis usually involves a combination of tests, such as:

  • CT Pulmonary Angiography: A CT scan to visualize the pulmonary arteries.

  • D-dimer blood test: To detect evidence of blood clot breakdown.

  • Ultrasound: To check for deep vein thrombosis in the legs.

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What treatments are available for pulmonary embolism?

Treatment for pulmonary embolism often includes:

  • Anticoagulant medication: To prevent further clot formation.

  • Thrombolytic therapy: In more severe cases, clot-dissolving drugs may be used.

  • Inferior vena cava (IVC) filter: In cases where blood thinners are contraindicated or ineffective, a filter may be placed in the vena cava to prevent clots from reaching the lungs.

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What is pulmonary hypertension?

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a condition characterized by high blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs. It can lead to various complications, including right heart failure and reduced oxygen delivery to the body.


What causes pulmonary hypertension?

Pulmonary hypertension can be caused by several factors, including:

  • Primary Pulmonary Hypertension (PPH): This is a rare, idiopathic form with no known cause.

  • Secondary PH: This is more common and can result from underlying conditions like heart disease, lung diseases, blood clots, or certain medications.

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What are the symptoms of pulmonary hypertension?

Common symptoms of pulmonary hypertension include shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, dizziness, and fainting. As the disease progresses, it can lead to swelling in the ankles and legs, bluish lips and skin, and a racing heartbeat.

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What tests are conducted to determine pulmonary hypertension?

Diagnosis typically involves a combination of tests, including:

  • Echocardiogram: To assess the structure and function of the heart and pulmonary arteries.

  • Right Heart Catheterization: A more definitive test to measure the pressure in the pulmonary arteries.

  • CT Scan or MRI: To identify any underlying causes or blood clots.

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What treatments are available for pulmonary hypertension?

Treatment depends on the underlying cause and the severity of pulmonary hypertension. It may include:

  • Medications: To dilate blood vessels and reduce blood pressure.

  • Oxygen therapy: To increase oxygen levels in the blood.

  • Surgical interventions: In severe cases, lung or heart-lung transplantation may be considered.

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Both pulmonary embolism and pulmonary hypertension are serious conditions that require prompt medical attention. The specific approach to diagnosis and treatment will depend on the individual's circumstances and the severity of the condition. It's crucial to consult with a cardiologist for proper evaluation and management.

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